Indians - Foreign Alliance In Indian Independence
Note = This post gives a basic overview based on available information and is not a complete analysis. Readers are encouraged to explore additional sources to understand the topic better.
Synopsis
- Introduction
- Role Of Alliance
- Conspiracy Plots
- Role Of INA
- Netaji - Hitler
- Surrender Of Japan
- Netaji - RSS
- Conclusion
- Conspiracy
- Reference
Introduction
*In 1905, the British India divided Bengal into Hindu-majority West Bengal and Muslim-majority East Bengal, claiming it would make administration easier.
*However, it was widely seen as a divide-and-rule tactic, sparking intense protests and leading to its reversal in 1911.
*In 1919, the Rowlatt Act was enacted in British India to allow the arrest of anti-British conspirators and to sentence them without any inquiries.
*In 1919, Indian freedom fighters gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in protest against Britain's Rowlatt Act.
*On the orders of General Dyer, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place, killing nearly 400 people and injuring 1200.
Role Of Alliance
*Following the partition of Bengal crisis and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, many Indian leaders actively resisted British rule through a range of methods.
*The Lal-Bal-Pal trio initiated the Swadeshi movement, laying the foundation for India’s struggle for independence.
*Later, Mahatma Gandhi rose to prominence with his philosophy of non-violence, while other revolutionaries chose more radical paths, engaging in violent tactics and participating in various conspiracy plots.
*Britain closely monitored several revolutionary leaders due to their international alliances against British rule.
*M.N.Roy was a key communist leader who worked to spread revolution against British rule. The British closely watched him because of his ties to Russian communism and international politics.
*Following in the footsteps of Rash Behari Bose, Subhas Chandra Bose established "Free India" (Azad Hind) with the support of Japan, while Mohammad Iqbal Shedai formed the "Free India Battalion" (Battaglione Azad Hindoustan) with the support of Italy.
# Rash Behari Bose + German Chancellor Franz Von Papen
# Subash Chandra Bose + Japan Emperor Hirohito
# Mohammad Iqbal Shedai + Italy Prime Minister Mussolini
Conspiracy Plots
*Conspiracy plots such as the Delhi Conspiracy, Hindu-German Conspiracy, Peshawar Conspiracy, Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy, and Meerut Conspiracy were significant efforts by Indian revolutionaries to challenge British colonial rule through armed resistance and underground activities.
*Delhi Conspiracy Case (1912): A plot to assassinate Viceroy Lord Hardinge during the ceremony marking the transfer of India’s capital from Calcutta to New Delhi.
*Hindu-German Conspiracy (1914–1917): A plan involving Indian revolutionaries and Germany to overthrow British rule by smuggling arms and inciting mutiny among Indian soldiers.
*Peshawar Conspiracy Case (1922–1927): A trial against Indian soldiers and revolutionaries accused of promoting communist ideology under Soviet influence.
*Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case (1924): A British prosecution of Indian communists accused of plotting to overthrow colonial rule with support from the Soviet Union.
*Meerut Conspiracy Case (1929): A major trial in which trade union leaders and communists were charged with attempting to incite a workers’ revolution against British rule.
Role of INA
*Japan was industrializing and seeking colonies, much like the Western world.
*During World War 2, Japan occupied Burma, Thailand, the Philippines, and the Andaman Islands.
*Japan supported various Indian Nationalist groups to create an anti-British alliance.
*Various Indian nationalist groups united under Rash Behari Bose to form the Indian Independence League (IIL), with its headquarters in Japanese-occupied Singapore.
*The Indian National Army (INA), a part of IIL, was initially led by Rash Behari Bose.
*Later, Rash Behari Bose handed over the command of INA to Subash Chandra Bose, also known as Netaji.
*IIL was eventually replaced by Azad Hind (Indian Provisional Government) under Netaji's leadership.
*INA collaborated with the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) in the fight for Indian independence from the British.
*Netaji viewed the Empire of Japan as a crucial ally and hoped for support from Germany and Italy.
*Bose's objective was to secure the backing of the Axis Powers for an Indian freedom revolution, diverting British forces from the global battle against the Axis Powers, under the slogan "the enemy of my enemy is my friend."
Netaji - Hitler
*Few Indian soldiers refused to represent Britain and aligned with Netaji in supporting the Axis Powers during World War 2.
*Netaji used the term "Jai Hind" (Victory to India), which was coined by a Tamilian named Shenbagaraman in Germany.
*Netaji met with several higher-ranking officials in Europe and conveyed his ambition to construct an 'Indian Government in Exile,' anticipating immediate recognition from the Axis Powers.
*On May 5, 1941, Italian Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano escorted Netaji to meet Benito Mussolini.
*On May 27, 1942, Netaji met Hitler to seek German backing for Indian independence during World War II.
*Netaji's meetings with both Hitler and Mussolini did not turn out to be fruitful for his ambition of achieving Indian independence.
// Titbits //
*It is said that during Bose’s meeting with the Nazis, he asked them to remove the parts in Hitler’s book "Mein Kampf" that called Indians "sub-humans", but they refused.
Surrender Of Japan
*Japan attacked U.S. Pearl Harbor, which triggered the United States to directly participate in World War 2.
*This led to the United States detonating two atomic bombs in Japan's Hiroshima and Nagasaki, ultimately bringing an end to World War 2.
*After Japan's surrender and Netaji's disappearance, the INA became defunct.
Netaji - RSS
*A few right-wing historians suggest that the INA and RSS models look very similar.
*The INA founder, Subhas Chandra Bose, was called Netaji, while RSS founder K.B.Hedgewar was referred to as Doctorji.
*However, Netaji never had any tie-ups with the RSS, and concrete evidence is available that Netaji made statements against RSS policies.
*In reality, RSS leaders disliked Netaji's INA movement, as in the 1940s, RSS leaders did not actively work for Indian independence from Britain, while Netaji's motto was to achieve Indian independence from Britain.
Conclusion
*Netaji's alliance with Japan has always been a debatable topic, whether Japan used Netaji to colonize India by making him a puppet king, or if Netaji used Japan to end Britain's rule and establish his own government.
*The end days of Netaji are still a mystery, and it is widely assumed that this will remain an unsolved mystery for centuries.
*Muthuramalingam's friendship with Netaji might be genuine, but their relationship is often misrepresented in Tamil Nadu for caste-based political benefits.
*Netaji tried his best to ensure Indian independence from Britain with the support of a foreign alliance that never materialized.
*Unfortunately, Netaji's use of violence was not supported by many leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi, who was world-famous for non-violence.
Conspiracy
Conspiracy theories about Netaji’s unexpected disappearance have circulated widely, but none are backed by solid evidence.
*One theory claims that Joseph Stalin imprisoned Netaji in Siberia and used him as a key figure to encourage India to support Russia instead of America.
*Another suggests that after the INA’s failure, Netaji lived in India disguised as Gumnaami Baba.
Reference
Gumnami Baba was a follower of Netaji
Hindutva Gang Backstabbed Netaji
Savarkar Opposed Netaji
Savarkar Betrayed Netaji
Bose and Narendra Modi
Bose and Common Enemy
Periyar and Netaji
Netaji in Nazi
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